During this early phase of visuomotor research, investigators emphasized preparatory neural activity that links intention to action. Anticipatory firing in the motor cortex encodes the intended movement direction before perturbations, supporting a planning-to-action continuum in visuomotor control. Pre-movement signals in the brain, including expectancy-modulated slow potentials, reveal how speed-accuracy pressures shape action preparation, and directional coding in space underpins robust visuomotor mappings. Perceptual learning in stereopsis further contributes to calibrating visual input with motor output, informing later calibration of visuomotor mappings.